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Version 97 (modified by Clarence Wret, 8 years ago) (diff)

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Fluxes

A wikipage to list the experiment fluxes and where to find them in papers

Comments and word of caution: flux simulation is hard work and it is known that the flux uncertainties from early bubble chamber experiments were under-estimated.

Additionally, some experiments seem to use the "flux" interchangeably with "event rate", which can confuse things further.

Introduction

Some experiments determine fluxes solely by simulating the beamline, target interaction and subsequent meson decays; others add in muon monitors after the target to provide additional flux information; others fit selected events (often CCQE) and assume perfect modelling to go from an event rate to a flux. Many experiments have used all these methods to get realistic flux uncertainties, others haven't. Historical neutrino fluxes should always be taken with a pinch of salt.

Precursor

Beware of experiments using only CCQE events to estimate the neutrino flux: In attempting to resolve the CC1pi+1p cross-section discrepancy between ANL and BNL, Wilkinson and Rodrigues (arXiv:1411.4482v1) corrected the CC1pi+1p cross-section by using the experiments' CC1pi+1p/CCQE ratio and multiplying it by the CCQE cross-section in GENIE. The CC1pi+1p/CCQE ratio should cancel most of the flux uncertainties, and so comparing the (CC1pi+1p/CCQE)*(GENIE CCQE) cross-section to the reported CC1pi+1p cross-section could provide an estimate of how accurate the flux calculation was at the experiment. Note the CC1pi+/CCQE ratio agrees well between ANL and BNL.

W&R found that the BNL total cross-section correction was large compared to ANL. BNL used a MA_CCQE fit to CCQE events to estimate their flux, which assumes an understood CCQE interaction model and an understanding of deuterium effects, whereas ANL seem to have used a more sophisticated simulation and a fit.

Graczyk & Sobczyk (arXiv:0908.2175) and others have resolved the problem in similar ways, often introducing a varying normalisation parameter to the ANL and BNL cross-section distributions separately. Additionally,the normalisation parameters can be correlated between the experiments. This approach does not allow for shape changes in the cross-section, which W&R does.


Bubble chamber experiments


ANL

ANL had two runs in which it took data. A period of 1 horn running, another of 2 horns running. The final publications combine the result from the 1 horn and 2 horn running, but do not provide a joint average flux. ANL made both fluxes available but did not specify how much of the 1 horn flux was used in final analyses. Hence the truth PROBABLY lays somewhere in between the 1 horn and 2 horn fluxes.

Neutrino mode

  • Barish et al., Study of neutrino interactions in hydrogen and deuterium: Description of the experiment and study of the reaction \nu + d \rightarrow mu- + p + p_s, Physical Review D, Volume 16, Number 11, 1 December 1977, 3103
    • Has 1 horn and 2 horn simulations, and shows breakdown by parent meson (e.g. neutrino flux from pion and from kaon)

Anti-neutrino mode

  • Haven't found any fluxes yet

BNL

  • The BNL flux hard to come by. It is documented in three places; one of which is for a different detector (scintillator), one of which is determined from fitting MA CCQE events for the data-set up to 1981, another which repeats the CCQE fit with the full dataset.

The latter was presented at NuInt02 but was never made public in other than the proceedings. The NuInt02 website is nowadays offline, and the proceedings were to be published in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), which I have been unable to find. I got my copy through a colleague at KEK instead.

Neutrino mode

  • L.A. Ahrens et al, Determination of the neutrino fluxes in the Brookhaven wide-band beams, Physical Review D, Volume 34, Number 1, 1 July 1986
    • This uses a dedicated "flux measuring detector" placed in the AGS. It has different radial extent to the original bubble chamber, so shouldn't be used for the bubble chamber flux.
    • The paper claims good data-simulation agreement, which adds credibility to the bubble chamber flux. However, the data presented was scaled by x1.1
    • attachment:BNL_1986_flux.root
  • Baker et al., Quasielastic neutrino scattering: A measurement of the weak nucleon axial-vector form factor, Physical Review D, Volume 23, Number 11, 1 June 1981, 2499
  • K. Furuno et al., BNL 7-foot Bubble Chamber Experiment -- Neutrino Deuterium Interactions, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt02), To be published in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), December 12-15, 2002, UC Irvine, USA, KEK Preprint 2003-48, September 2003, II
    • This is the flux which we use for BNL. It uses CCQE events with double statistics to the above and a fit with MA = 1.1 GeV to determine the incident neutrino flux.
    • attachment:BNL_NuInt02_rescan.root

Anti-neutrino mode

  • Haven't found this

BEBC

The BEBC fluxes are also difficult to come by. I've only found it in CERN yellow report by H. Wachsmuth. Luckily CERN still maintains these.

I've found no fluxes in any BEBC publications, other than references to Wachsmuth's paper, as well as details on the muon flux by E.H.M Heijne (CERN-83-06, 21 July 1983), and details of the NUBEAM program. I have no found any papers detailing NUBEAM.

Neutrino mode

  • H. Wachsmuth, Neutrino and muon fluxes in the CERN 400 GeV proton beam dump experiments, CERN libraries, CERN/EP 79-125, 18 October 1979
  • D. Allasia et al, Measurement of the \nu_\mu and \bar{\nu_\mu} nucleon charged-current total cross-sections and the ratio of \nu_\mu neutron to \nu_\mu proton charged-current total cross-sections, Nuclear Physics B, 239, 301-310, 1984, North-Holland Publishing company
    • WARNING: THIS IS AN "EVENT RATE", NOT A FLUX
    • Identical to below

Anti-neutrino mode


FNAL

  1. Kitagaki et al seems to be the only D2 cross-section paper to place emphasis on the flux estimation.

Neutrino mode

  • T. Kitagaki et al, Neutrino Flux and Total Charged-Current Cross Sections in High-Energy Neutrino-Deterium Interactions, Physical Review Letters, Volume 49, Number 2, 12 July 1982, 98

  • Without log y to see how large the data/MC difference was in low energy:

  • S. Willocq et al, Coherent production of single pions and \rho mesons in charged-current interactions of neutrinos and antineutrinos on neon nuclei at the Fermilab Tevatron, Physical Review D, Volume 47, Number 7, 1 April 1993, 2661

Anti-neutrino

  • S. Willocq et al, Coherent production of single pions and \rho mesons in charged-current interactions of neutrinos and antineutrinos on neon nuclei at the Fermilab Tevatron, Physical Review D, Volume 47, Number 7, 1 April 1993, 2661

Gargamelle

Neutrino

  • There are a few different GGM fluxes which differs from analysis to analysis.
  • S. Ciampolillo et al, Total cross section for neutrino charged current interactions at 3 GeV and 9 GeV, Physics Letters, Volume 84B, Number 2, 18 June 1979, 281

Anti-neutrino

  • Anti-neutrino fluxes are much more similar

SKAT

A large portion of the SKAT publications are in Russian and haven't been translated, and the English editions are often rather short.

I've found two fluxes for neutrino-mode which are different. I presume there was a change to the Serpukhov accelerator.

Neutrino

  • S.V. Belikov et al, Quasielastic Neutrino and Antineutrino Scattering Total Cross-Sections, Axial-Vector From-Factor, Z. Phys A -- Atoms and Nuclei 320, 625-633 (1985)
  • D.S. Baranov et al, Measurement of the \nu_\muN total cross section at 2--30 GeV in a SKAT neutrino experiment, Physics Letters, Volume 81B, Number 2, 12 February 1979, 255

Anti-neutrino

  • S.V. Belikov et al, Quasielastic Neutrino and Antineutrino Scattering Total Cross-Sections, Axial-Vector From-Factor, Z. Phys A -- Atoms and Nuclei 320, 625-633 (1985)

Nuclear target experiments (2000s+)

MiniBooNE

  • A. A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al. (MiniBooNE Collaboration), Neutrino flux prediction at MiniBooNE, Phys. Rev. D 79, 072002, 15 April 2009
  • A. A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al, First Measurement of the Muon Neutrino Charged Current Quasielastic Double Differential Cross Section, arxiv:1010.2680v2, 29 July 2010
  • A. A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al., Measurement of Neutrino-Induced Charged-Current Charged Pion Production Cross Sections on Mineral Oil at E_\nu ~ 1 GeV, arxiv:1011.3572v2, 31 March 2011
  • And probably also in plenty of other papers

SciBooNE

  • Y. Nakajuma et al, Measurement of inclusive charged current interactions on carbon in a few-GeV neutrino beam, arxiv:1011.2131v3, 6 January 2011

MINERvA

  • MINERvA consistently list fluxes in publications. Sometimes in the paper itself, sometimes in appendices/additionals on arxiv.
  • Absolute flux prediction over range 1.5 - 10 GeV Enu
  • Shape comparison over total range of each flux (some go from 0-10 GeV, others from 1.5-10 GeV, others from 2-6 GeV, so this comparison is not entirely fair!)
  • Shape comparison over limited range of each flux which is always filled (2-6 GeV): this shows all the published fluxes have very similar shape and can be used interchangibly
  • Note: MINERvA modified the flux after neutrino-electron scattering was measured. It is clear from above that this was mostly a normalisation correction. However, this also means that early MINERvA cross-section data should move its central value by ~11%

Neutrino

CCQE 2014

Target ratios (C Fe Pb CH) 2014

CC coherent 2014

CC1pi+/CCNpi+ 2014/2015

CCinc q0q3 2015

CCQE(like) 2015

K+ coherent 2016

CCNpi+ 2016

Generic NuMI beam 2016

Anti-neutrino

  • The same is true for MINERvA anti-neutrino fluxes: there are relatively large normalisation differences in publication to publication
  • But all have similar shapes when comparing over the same range:

CC coherent anti-neutrino 2013/2014

CCQE anti-neutrino 2014

CC1pi0 anti-neutrino 2015

CC1pi0 anti-neutrino 2016

Generic NuMI beam anti-neutrino 2016


K2K

There seems to be only one available flux for K2K, listed below

Neutrino NC1pi0

There is also a flux in this file which is x10 of the above file!

  • S. Nakayama et al, Measurement of single \pi0 production in neutral current neutrino interactions with water by a 1.3 GeV wide band muon neutrino beam, arxiv:hep-ex/0408134v1, 26 Aug 2004

T2K

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